Risk factors for osteoporosis

Osteoporosis:- Osteoporosis also called porous bone disease, is characterized by loss of normal bone density or low bone mass and deterioration of structure of bone tissue, marked by enlargement of bone spaces and thinning of bone tissue leading to bone fragility and an increased susceptibility to fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist. Certain factors are linked to the development of osteoporosis or contribute to an individual's likelihood of developing the disease. These are called "risk factors." Risk factors- There are some risk factors that you cannot change, and others that you can: Risk factors for osteoporosis that you cannot change:   Gender - Osteoporosis is common in woman. Women have less bone tissue and lose bone more rapidly after menopause. Age - Risk of osteoporosis is higher in elderly people. The older you are, the greater the risk of osteoporosis because bones become less dense and weaker with age. Body size - higher risk of oteoporosis in small, thin-boned women. Ethnicity - Caucasian and Asian women are at highest risk. African-American and Latino women have a lower but significant risk. Family history - People with family history of osteoporotic fractures have reduced bone mass and may be at risk for fractures. Risk factors for osteoporosis that you can change:   Sex hormones: abnormal absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea), low estrogen level (menopause), and low testosterone level in men. Anorexia or loss of appetite low intake of calcium and vitamin D in diet. Use of certain medications, such as glucocorticoids or some anticonvulsants. Physical inactivity, inactive lifestyle or extended bed rest. Cigarette smoking. Excessive use of alcohol. Risk Factors for fractures in osteoporosis- Risks factors in osteoporosis that can predispose to fractures are-- Bone mineral density (BMD) Lower the BMD the higher the fracture risk. BMD can be assessed by a technique called dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).It can be measured at a number of sites including the lumbar spine, the hip, the forearm, and other sites. Body fat Studies have shown that risks of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and osteoporotic fractures are significantly higher for subjects with higher percentage body fat independent of body weight, physical activity, and age. Thus, fat mass has a negative effect on bone mass. Cigarette smoking More smoking - Less BMD. Cigarette smoking has inverse relationship with BMD. Alcohol consumption Consumption of large quantities of alcohol has negative effect on bone. This might be due to adverse effects on protein and calcium metabolism, mobility, gonadal function, and a toxic effect on osteoblasts. Physical inactivity Physical activities and mechanical stress increase BMD and ertain forms of exercise may retard bone loss. Physical inactivity in the elderly increases the risk of hip and vertebral fracture. Sex hormone deficiency Primary hypogonadism is associated with low bone density in males as well as females. Secondary amenorrhoea and premature menopause in women reduces the peak bone mass and increases the risk of osteoporosis. Peak bone mass is also reduced by late menarche.. Other causes of osteoporosis are: • Endocrine disorders—for example, hypogonadism, hyperparathyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome. • Malignant disease—for example, myeloma, lymphoma. • Drugs—for example, corticosteroids, heparin. • Miscellaneous disorders—for example, connective tissue diseases, chronic renal failure. Genetic factors Studies in twins reveal that around 50% of the variance in peak bone mass is genetically determined. The hereditability is believed to be polygenic. In addition, genetic effects appear to be stronger in the lumbar spine than in the femoral neck or distal forearm

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